Citation Manipulation / Misconduct

Citation Cartels

• Authorship and citation manipulation in academic research
• Citations Are the Currency of Science – Then there are the counterfeiters.
• Detecting citation cartels in journal networks
• Ethically Questionable Citation Practices
• How to spot a “citation cartel”
• Journal citation cartels?
• Journal citation cartels on the rise (2013)
• Spanish professor key figure in citation cartel
• The Network of Law Reviews: Citation Cartels, Scientific Communities, and Journal Rankings
• Visualizing Citation Cartels
• Elsevier investigates hundreds of peer reviewers for manipulating citations
• Identifying Anomalous Citations for Objective Evaluation of Scholarly Article Impact
• Vendor offering citations for purchase is latest bad actor in scholarly publishing

Citation Gaming and Manipulation Patterns

• Anomalous Citation Patterns in the World of Citation Metrics (2015)
• A Small World of Citations? The Influence of Collaboration Networks on Citation Practices
• Citation Contamination: References to Predatory Journals in the Legitimate Scientific Literature
• Citation gaming induced by bibliometric evaluation: A country-level comparative analysis
• Citation Manipulation (COPE)
• Citation manipulation: endemic or exceptional?
• Citation Manipulation is Unethical
• Detecting trends in academic research from a citation network using network representation learning
• Fighting Citation Pollution – The Challenge of Detecting Fraudulent Journals in Works Cited

Journal mismanagement and editorial pressure

• Fraud indicator for academic journals
• Megajournal mismanagement: Manuscript decision bias and anomalous editor activity at PLOS ONE
• On Good and Bad Intentions behind Anomalous Citation Patterns among Journals in Computer Sciences
• Researchers feel pressure to cite superfluous papers
• When Journal Editors Coerce Authors to Self-Cite
• When Peer Reviewers Go Rogue – Estimated Prevalence of Citation Manipulation by Reviewers Based on the Citation Patterns of 69,000 Reviewers

Self-citation, Stacking and Citation Abuse

• A Large-Scale Analysis of Impact Factor Biased Journal Self-Citations
• A qualitative and quantitative analysis of open citations to retracted articles: the Wakefeld 1998 at al.’s case

• Brazilian citation scheme outed – Thomson Reuters suspends journals from its rankings for ‘citation stacking’.
• Citation Farms and Circles of Self-citation
• Citations and journal impact factors: questionable indicators of research quality
• Elsevier investigates hundreds of peer reviewers for manipulating citations
• Highly cited researcher banned from journal board for citation abuse
• How Scholars Hack the World of Academic Publishing Now
• Hundreds of extreme self-citing scientists revealed in new database
• Impact Factor Denied to 20 Journals For Self-Citation, Stacking
• Journal self-citations are increasingly biased toward impact factor years
• Signs of ‘citation hacking’ flagged in scientific papers
• Swiss misconduct code targets self-citation and authorship abuse
• The dangers of excessive self-citation
• What is Citation Stacking or Citation Manipulation?

Title Suppressions and Retractions

• Citation of retracted publications: a challenging problem
• Citing Retracted Papers Affects Education and Librarianship, so Distorted Academic Metrics Need a Correction
• Comprehensive Analysis of Retracted Publications in Dentistry: A 23-Year Review
• Context Analysis of Top Seven Retracted Articles: Should Retraction Watch Revisit the List?
• Continued use of retracted papers: Temporal trends in citations and (lack of) awareness of retractions shown in citation contexts in biomedicine
• Does retraction after misconduct have an impact on citations? A pre–post study
• Fraud: retracted articles are still being cited (2000)
• Network VisRualization of a Retracted Article: Repeated Proliferation of Error through Citation Networks
• Post retraction citations in context: a case study
• Reasons for citing retracted literature are not straightforward, and solutions are complex
• Research misconduct in health and life sciences research: A systematic review of retracted literature from Brazilian institutions
• Retracted Covid-19 papers and the levels of ‘citation pollution’: A preliminary analysis and directions for further research – ANNEXUS
• Retracted papers keep being cited as if they weren’t retracted. Two researchers suggest how Elsevier could help fix that.
• Retracted scientific paper persists in new citations, study finds
• The danger of the publication race: questionable journals, retracted papers and citation pollution. 
• The science of retraction (2002)
• Title Suppressions
• Top 10 most highly cited retracted papers

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